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From THE MAGAZINE OF FANTASY AND SCIENCE FICTION,
Sept 1992.  F&SF, Box 56, Cornwall CT 06753  $26/yr; outside US
$31/yr

F&SF Science Column #3

@3THINK OF THE PRESTIGE
@1
   The science of rocketry, and the science of weaponry, are sister
sciences.  It's been cynically said of German rocket scientist Wernher
von Braun that "he aimed at the stars, and hit London."
   After 1945, Wernher von Braun made a successful transition to
American patronage and, eventually,  to civilian space exploration.
But another ambitious space pioneer -- an American citizen --  was
not so lucky as von Braun, though his equal in scientific talent.    His
story, by comparison, is little known.
   Gerald Vincent  Bull was born in March 9, 1928, in Ontario,
Canada.  He  died in 1990.  Dr. Bull was the most brilliant artillery
scientist of the twentieth century.   Bull was a prodigiously gifted
student, and earned a Ph.D. in aeronautical engineering at the age of
24.
   Bull spent the 1950s researching supersonic aerodynamics in
Canada, personally handcrafting some of the most advanced wind-
tunnels in the world.
   Bull's work, like that of his predecessor von Braun, had military
applications.  Bull found patronage with the Canadian Armament
Research and Development Establishment (CARDE) and the
Canadian Defence Research Board.
   However, Canada's military-industrial complex lacked the
panache, and the funding, of that of the United States.   Bull, a
visionary and energetic man, grew impatient with what he considered
the pedestrian pace and limited imagination of the Canadians.  As an
aerodynamics scientist for CARDE, Bull's salary in  1959 was only
$17,000.  In comparison,  in 1961 Bull earned $100,000  by consulting for
the Pentagon on nose-cone research.   It was small wonder that by the
early 1960s, Bull had established lively professional relationships with
the US Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory   (as well as the Army's
Redstone Arsenal, Wernher von Braun's own postwar stomping
grounds).
   It was the great dream of Bull's life to fire cannon projectiles
from the earth's surface directly into outer space.    Amazingly, Dr.
Bull enjoyed considerable success in this endeavor.  In 1961,  Bull
established Project HARP  (High Altitude Research Project).  HARP
was an academic, nonmilitary research program, funded by McGill
University in Montreal, where Bull had become a professor in the
mechanical engineering department.   The US Army's Ballistic
Research Lab was a quiet but very useful co-sponsor of HARP; the US
Army was especially generous in supplying Bull with obsolete military
equipment, including cannon barrels and radar.
   Project HARP found a home on the island of Barbados,
downrange of its much better-known (and vastly better-financed)
rival, Cape Canaveral.   In Barbados,  Bull's gigantic space-cannon
fired its projectiles  out to an ocean splashdown, with little risk of
public harm.  Its terrific boom was audible all over Barbados, but the
locals were much pleased at their glamorous link to the dawning
Space Age.
   Bull designed a series of new supersonic shells known as the
"Martlets."   The Mark II Martlets were cylindrical finned projectiles,
about eight inches wide and five feet six inches long.  They weighed
475 pounds.   Inside the barrel of the space-cannon, a Martlet was
surrounded by a precisely machined wooden casing known as a
"sabot."   The sabot soaked up  combustive energy as the projectile
flew up the space-cannon's sixteen-inch, 118-ft long barrel.   As it
cleared the barrel, the sabot split and the precisely streamlined
Martlet was off at over a mile per second.  Each shot produced a huge
explosion and a plume of fire gushing hundreds of feet into the sky.
   The Martlets were scientific research craft.  They were
designed to carry payloads of metallic chaff, chemical smoke, or
meteorological balloons.  They  sported telemetry antennas for tracing
the flight.
   By the end of 1965, the HARP project had fired over a hundred
such missiles over fifty miles high, into the ionosphere -- the airless
fringes of space.   In November 19, 1966, the US Army's Ballistics
Research Lab, using a HARP gun designed by Bull, fired a 185-lb
Martlet missile one hundred and eleven miles high.  This was, and
remains, a world altitude record for any fired projectile.   Bull now
entertained ambitious plans for a Martlet Mark IV, a rocket-assisted
projectile that would ignite in flight and drive itself into actual orbit.
   Ballistically speaking, space cannon offer distinct advantages
over rockets.   Rockets must lift, not only their own weight, but the
weight of their fuel and oxidizer.  Cannon "fuel," which is contained
within the gunbarrel, offers far more explosive bang for the buck than
rocket fuel.  Cannon projectiles are very accurate, thanks to the fixed
geometry of the gun-barrel.  And cannon are far simpler and cheaper
than rockets.
   There are grave disadvantages, of course.  First, the payload
must be slender enough to fit into a gun-barrel.  The most severe
drawback is the huge acceleration force of a cannon blast, which in the
case of Bull's  exotic arsenal could top 10,000 Gs.    This rules out
manned flights from the mouth of  space-cannon.  Jules Verne
overlooked this unpoetic detail when he wrote his prescient tale of
space artillery, FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON (1865).  (Dr Bull
was fascinated by Verne, and often spoke of Verne's science fiction as
one of the foremost inspirations of his youth.)
   Bull was determined to put a cannon-round into orbit.   This
burning desire of his was something greater than any merely
pragmatic or rational motive.  The collapse of the HARP project in
1967 left Bull in command of his own fortunes.  He reassembled the
wreckage of his odd academic/military career, and started a
commercial operation,   "Space Research Corporation."   In the years
to follow, Bull would try hard to sell his space-cannon vision to a
number of sponsors, including NATO, the Pentagon, Canada, China,
Israel, and finally, Iraq.
     In the meantime, the Vietnam War was raging.   Bull's
researches on projectile aerodynamics had made him, and his
company Space Reseach Corporation, into a hot military-industrial
property.   In pursuit of space research,  Bull had invented techniques
that lent much greater range and accuracy to conventional artillery
rounds.  With Bull's ammunition, for instance, US Naval destroyers
would be able to cruise miles off the shore of North Vietnam,
destroying the best Russian-made shore batteries without any fear of
artillery retaliation.   Bull's Space Research Corporation was
manufacturing the necessary long-range shells in Canada, but his lack
of American citizenship was a hindrance in the Pentagon arms trade.
   Such was Dr. Bull's perceived strategic importance that this
hindrance was neatly avoided; with the sponsorship of Senator Barry
Goldwater, Bull became an American citizen by act of Congress.   This
procedure was a rare honor, previously reserved only for Winston
Churchill and the Marquis de Lafayette.
   Despite this Senatorial fiat, however, the Navy arms deal
eventually fell through.  But although the US Navy  scorned Dr. Bull's
wares, others were not so short-sighted.  Bull's extended-range
ammunition, and the murderously brilliant cannon that he designed to
fire it,  found ready markets in Egypt, Israel, Holland, Italy, Britain,
Canada, Venezuela, Chile, Thailand, Iran, South Africa, Austria and
Somalia.
   Dr. Bull created a strange private reserve on the Canadian-
American border; a private arms manufactury with its own US and
Canadian customs units.   This arrangement was very useful, since the
arms-export laws of the two countries differed, and SRC's military
products could be shipped-out over either national  border at will.  In
this distant enclave on the rural northern border of  Vermont,  the
arms genius built his own artillery range, his own telemetry towers
and launch-control buildings, his own radar tracking station,
workshops, and  machine shops.   At its height, the Space Research
Corporation employed over three hundred people at this site, and
boasted some $15 million worth of advanced equipment.
   The downfall of HARP  had left Bull disgusted with the
government-supported military-scientific establishment.  He referred
to government researchers  as "clowns" and "cocktail scientists,"  and
decided that his own future must lay in the vigorous world of free
enterprise.   Instead of exploring the upper atmosphere, Bull
dedicated his ready intelligence to the refining of lethal munitions.
Bull would not sell to the Soviets or their client states, whom he
loathed; but he would sell to most anyone else.  Bull's cannon are
credited with being of great help to Jonas Savimbi's UNITA war in
Angola; they were also extensively used by both sides in the Iran-Iraq
war.
   Dr. Gerald V. Bull, Space Researcher,  had become a
professional arms dealer.  Dr. Bull was not a stellar success as an
arms dealer, because by all accounts he had no real head for business.
Like many engineers, Bull was obsessed not by entrepreneurial drive,
but by the exhilirating lure of technical achievement.    The
atmosphere at Space Research Corporation was, by all accounts, very
collegial; Bull as professor, employees as cherished grad-students.
Bull's employees were fiercely loyal to him and felt that he was
brilliantly gifted and could accomplish anything.
   SRC was never as great a commercial success as Bull's
technical genius  merited.  Bull stumbled badly in 1980.  The Carter
Administration, annoyed by Bull's extensive deals with the South
African military, put Bull in prison for customs violation.   This
punishment, rather than bringing Bull "to his senses," affected him
traumatically.  He felt strongly that he had been singled out as a
political scapegoat to satisfy the hypocritical, left-leaning, anti-
apartheid bureaucrats in Washington.   Bull spent seven months in an
American prison, reading extensively, and, incidentally, successfully
re-designing the prison's heating-plant.  Nevertheless, the prison
experience left Bull embittered and cynical.  While still in prison, Bull
was already accepting commercial approaches from the Communist
Chinese, who proved to be among his most avid customers.
   After his American prison sentence ended, Bull abandoned his
strange enclave in the US-Canadian border to work full-time in
Brussels, Belgium.  Space Research Corporation was welcomed there,
in Europe's  foremost nexus of the global arms trade, a city where
almost anything goes in the way of merchandising war.
   In November 1987, Bull was politely contacted in Brussels by the
Iraqi Embassy, and offered an all-expenses paid trip to Bagdad.
   From 1980 to 1989, during their prolonged, lethal, and highly
inconclusive war with Iran, Saddam Hussein's regime had spent some
eighty billion dollars on weapons and weapons systems.  Saddam
Hussein was especially fond of his Soviet-supplied "Scud" missiles,
which had shaken Iranian morale severely when fired into civilian
centers during the so-called "War of the Cities."   To Saddam's mind,
the major trouble with his Scuds was their limited range and accuracy,
and he had invested great effort in gathering the tools and manpower
to improve the Iraqi art of rocketry.
   The Iraqis had already bought many of Bull's 155-millimeter
cannon from the South Africans and the Austrians, and they were
most impressed.  Thanks to Bull's design genius, the Iraqis actually
owned better, more accurate, and longer-range artillery than the
United States Army did.
   Bull did not want to go to jail again, and was reluctant to break
the official embargo on arms shipments to Iraq.   He told his would-be
sponsors so, in Bagdad, and the Iraqis were considerate of their
guest's qualms.   To Bull's great joy, they took his idea of a peaceful
space cannon very seriously.  "Think of the prestige," Bull suggested to
the Iraqi Minister of Industry, and the thought clearly intrigued the
Iraqi official.
   The Israelis, in September 1988, had successfully launched their
own Shavit  rocket into orbit, an event that had much impressed, and
depressed, the Arab League.  Bull promised the Iraqis  a launch system
that could place dozens, perhaps hundreds, of Arab satellites into
orbit.   *Small* satellites, granted, and unmanned ones; but their
launches would cost as little as  five thousand dollars each.  Iraq
would become a genuine space power; a minor one by superpower
standards, but the only Arab space power.
   And even small satellites were not just for show.  Even a minor
space satellite could successfully perform certain surveillance
activities.  The American military had proved the usefulness of spy
satellites to Saddam Hussein by passing him spysat intelligence during
worst heat of the Iran-Iraq war.
   The Iraqis felt they would gain a great deal of widely
applicable, widely useful scientific knowledge from their association
with Bull, whether his work was "peaceful" or not.  After all, it was
through peaceful research on Project HARP that Bull himself had
learned techniques that he had later sold for profit on the arms
market.   The design of a civilian nose-cone, aiming for the stars, is
very little different from that of one descending with a supersonic
screech upon sleeping civilians in London.
   For the first time in his life, Bull found himself the respected
client of a generous patron with vast resources -- and with an
imagination of a grandeur to match his own.  By 1989, the Iraqis were
paying Bull and his company five million dollars a year to redesign
their field artillery, with much greater sums in the wings for "Project
Babylon" -- the Iraqi space-cannon.   Bull had the run of ominous
weapons bunkers like the "Saad 16" missile-testing complex in north
Iraq, built under contract by Germans, and stuffed with gray-market
high-tech equipment from Tektronix, Scientific Atlanta and Hewlett-
Packard.
   Project Babylon was Bull's grandest vision, now almost within
his grasp.  The Iraqi space-launcher was to have a barrel five hundred
feet long, and would weigh 2,100 tons.  It would be supported by a
gigantic concrete tower with four recoil mechanisms, these shock-
absorbers weighing sixty tons each.  The vast, segmented cannon
would fire rocket-assisted projectiles the size of a phone booth, into
orbit around the Earth.
   In August 1989, a smaller prototype, the so-called "Baby
Babylon," was constructed at a secret site in Jabal Hamrayn, in central
Iraq.  "Baby Babylon" could not have put payloads into orbit, but it
would have had an international, perhaps intercontinental range.
The prototype blew up on its first test-firing.
   The Iraqis continued undaunted on another prototype super-
gun, but their smuggling attempts were clumsy.  Bull himself had little
luck in maintaining the proper discretion for a professional arms
dealer, as his own jailing had proved.   When flattered, Bull talked;
and when he talked, he boasted.
   Word began to leak out within the so-called "intelligence
community" that Bull was involved in something big; something to do
with Iraq and with missiles.  Word also reached the Israelis, who were
very aware of Bull's scientific gifts, having dealt with him themselves,
extensively.
   The Iraqi space cannon would have been nearly useless as a
conventional weapon.   Five hundred feet long and completely
immobile, it would have been easy prey for any Israeli F-15.   It would
have been impossible to hide, for any launch would thrown a column
of flame hundreds of feet into the air, a blazing signal for any spy
satellite or surveillance aircraft.  The Babylon space cannon, faced
with determined enemies, could have been destroyed after a single
launch.
   However, that single launch might well have served to dump a
load of nerve gas, or a nuclear bomb, onto any capital in the world.
   Bull  wanted Project Babylon to be entirely peaceful; despite his
rationalizations, he was never entirely at ease with military projects.
What Bull truly wanted from his Project Babylon was *prestige.*  He
wanted the entire world to know that he, Jerry Bull,  had created a
working space program, more or less all by himself.   He had never
forgotten what it meant to world opinion to hear the Sputnik beeping
overhead.
   For Saddam Hussein, Project Babylon was more than any
merely military weapon: it was a *political* weapon.  The prestige
Iraq might gain from the success of such a visionary leap was worth
any number of mere cannon-fodder batallions.  It was Hussein's
ambition to lead the Arab world; Bull's cannon was to be a symbol of
Iraqi national potency, a symbol that the long war with the Shi'ite
mullahs had not destroyed Saddam's ambitions for transcendant
greatness.
   The Israelis, however, had already proven their willingness to
thwart Saddam Hussein's ambitions by whatever means necessary.
In 1981,  they had bombed his Osirak nuclear reactor into rubble.  In
1980, a Mossad hit-team had cut the throat of Iraqi nuclear scientist
Yayha El Meshad, in a Paris hotel room.
   On March 22, 1990, Dr. Bull was surprised at the door of his
Brussels apartment.   He was shot five times, in the neck and in the
back of the head, with a silenced 7.65 millimeter automatic pistol.
   His assassin has never been found.



FOR FURTHER READING:

ARMS AND THE MAN: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq, and the Supergun by
William Lowther (McClelland- Bantam, Inc., Toronto, 1991)

BULL'S EYE:  The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor
Gerald Bull by James Adams (Times Books, New York, 1992)

Bruce Sterling